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This chapter is about the interpretation of section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Section 1 allows ‘limits’ to constitutional rights insofar as they are reasonable and justified in a free and democratic society. It asks the state for moral justification when a right has been infringed by state action. Moral justification has formal and substantive aspects; therefore the application of section 1 deploys a formal framework of proportionality nestled within a thin conception of liberal democratic political morality. The chapter also addresses the relative moral importance of the notion of ‘rights’, as well as the relevance of institutional considerations. It concludes that the section 1 framework follows a standard model of moral justification and cannot be significantly improved upon.
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"The effective implementation of human rights treaty obligations in national law is subject to increasing attention. The main responsibility for the international monitoring of national implementation at the global level is entrusted to the UN human rights treaty bodies. These bodies are established by the respective human rights conventions and are composed of independent experts. This book examines three aspects of these bodies: the legal aspects of their structure, functions and decisions; their effectiveness in ensuring respect for human rights obligations; and the legitimacy of these bodies and their decisions. Containing contributions from a variety of eminent legal experts, including present and former members of the treaty bodies, the analysis should be read in light of the ongoing effort to strengthen treaty bodies under the auspices of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and with the involvement of relevant stakeholders"--Provided by publisher.
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This chapter considers the effect of section 1, the “justification” section of the Canadian Charter, on the doctrinal development of section 15, the equality section. It begins by describing the development of the section 15 substantive equality analysis, including the claim of a conceptually complete separation from the section 1 analysis of state justification. The chapter then identifies some features of section 15 which suggest that this separation is less than complete, including the existence of section 15(2), and anxieties over constraining government action. The chapter then turns to three post-2001 cases in which the Supreme Court of Canada found discrimination under the Charter but then held that discrimination was “justified” through section 1, and asks what these cases might reveal about the symbolic significance of a finding of discrimination and the Court’s struggle with institutional competence concerns in equality claims.
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Encyclopédie juridique de droit français. Donne l'état des diverses branches du droit en France: doctrine, jurisprudence, index bibliographique, certains périodiques en texte intégral (exhaustivité variable)
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Encyclopédie juridique de droit français. Donne l'état des diverses branches du droit en France: doctrine, jurisprudence, index bibliographique, certains périodiques en texte intégral (exhaustivité variable)
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This chapter offers an overview and analysis of fiduciary remedies. The remedies considered are accounting for profits, constructive trust, equitable compensation, injunction, the unwinding remedies (e.g., rescission), and the supervisory remedies (e.g., instruction, removal). One point of emphasis is the close relationship between fiduciary duties and fiduciary remedies. The chapter also distinguishes the remedies of fiduciary law from those of agency. In addition, the chapter considers three major unsettled questions. First, are the remedial aims of fiduciary law distinct from tort and contract? Second, how should judges and scholars think about fiduciary remedies in light of the distinction between law and equity? Third, is punishment of an erring fiduciary a legitimate aim for fiduciary remedies?