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A preparatory process is widely accepted to be a common feature in the perpetration of sexual offenses. Numerous commentators, however, have documented the difficulties in defining and understanding this process, given its transient nature and its specificity to this one form of criminal behavior. This theoretical review aims to provide a universal model of a grooming process for the achievement of illicit or illegal goals in which achievement requires the compliance or submission of another individual—one that can be applied both to the sexual offending process and beyond. First, an evaluation of three process models of grooming is conducted. Second, using a process of theory knitting, an integrated universal model of illicit grooming is developed. This model unites salient elements of the previous models while seeking to address their limitations. It is founded in control theory and self-regulation approaches to behavior, assumes a goal-directed protagonist, and comprises two distinct phases, namely, (1) a potentiality phase of rapport-building, incentivization, disinhibition, and security-management and (2) a disclosure phase in which goal-relevant information is introduced in a systematic and controlled manner in order to desensitize the target. Finally, the theoretical quality of the model is appraised, and its clinical implications are discussed.

'The issue of young adult offenders in federal penitentiaries is not unique to Canada. Countries in the European Union and United Kingdom have identified problems and challenges housing youthful offenders with older, more seasoned inmates. Some countries use separate institutions to house the young adult population, even those serving an adult sentence. The Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) has highlighted in previous Annual Reports (2005-06 and 2013-14) that the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) does not provide adapted housing accommodations, programming, services or interventions specific or responsive to young people despite the fact that they are often vulnerable to segregation placements, subject to abuse and intimidation by other inmates, pressured into or recruited by gangs in prison and have poorer overall outcomes'--p. 6.

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The current study examined the rate and psychiatric correlates of sexual abuse involving the use of digital technologies by the offender in a wide sample of juvenile victims. Sociodemographic, abuse, and psychiatric characteristics of 662 sexually abused children and adolescents were evaluated. Of these, 93 reported that digital devices were used by the offender in several ways to facilitate the sexual abuse. The offender–victim relationship was initiated through the Internet in 39 victims. Involvement of digital technologies in sexual abuse was significantly associated with penetrative and recurrent form of sexual abuse commited by multiple offenders with coexisting violence. Additionally, victims of sexual abuse with a digital component were 4.21 times more likely to develop any psychopathology, 3.77 times more likely to have depression, and 2.14 times more likely to have post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of sexual abuse. These results indicated that the offender's use of digital technology may aid the initiation and facilitaion of the sexual abuse of youths and may relate to more severe outcomes. This study revealed the importance of raising the awareness of professionals and the community about the potential risks associated with digital technologies and sexual abuse. Mental health professionals should consider this additional form of victimization, especially when dealing with sexual abuse victims.

Objective: The aim of this study was to test a model predicting the contribution of abuse-related characteristics and mediating variables such as coping and attributional style in the development of psychological sequelae in adults reporting a history of child sexual abuse (CSA). Methodology: Two hundred and eighty-five males and females from three settings (a nonpatient, psychiatric outpatient, and psychiatric inpatient) completed a battery of questionnaires that included a (1) Sexual History Questionnaire, (2) Ways of Coping Questionnaire, (3) Attributional Style Questionnaire, and (4) the SCL-90-R. Results: Of the 285 participants, 33% reported unwanted or forced sexual contact before the age of 18 years. Participants who reported a history of CSA also reported higher levels of psychological distress when compared to those who did not report a history of abuse. In testing the model concerning the relationship between victim-offender characteristics, mediating variables and psychological distress in adulthood; two abuse-related characteristics (number of offenders and duration of abuse) were found to be directly associated with psychological distress in adulthood. Other abuse-related variables (i.e., relation with offender, force, resistance, age of onset, participation, and frequency of abuse) were found to be related to psychological distress in adulthood through the mediation of various coping strategies (i.e., Accepting Responsibility, Confrontive Coping) and attributions (i.e., internalization of the abuse). Conclusions: The results of the present study further our understanding regarding the relationship between abuse-related characteristics, mediating factors such as coping and attributional style and psychological distress in adults with a history of CSA. Future research should focus on the development of interventions that focus on variables amenable to psychotherapy to ameliorate the psychological sequelae of CSA. Résumé Objectif: Le but de cette étude fut de tester un modèle qui pourra prédire certains qui contribuent à des séquelles psychologiques chez des adultes ayant vécu des agressions sexuelles en enfance, ces facteurs étant: certaines caractéristiques de la maltraitance et des variables telles que la capacité de faire face aux difficultés de la vie et la façon dont l’individu attribue la responsabilité pour des événements qui lui arrivent. Méthode: Deux cent quatre-vingt cinq hommes et femmes ont complété un ensemble de questionnaires y compris (1) le Sexual History Questionnaire, (2) le Ways of Coping Questionnaire, (3) le Attributional Style Questionnaire et (4) le SCL-90-R. Il y avait trois types de participants: des non patients, des patients d’un service externe de psychiatrie et d’un service interne de psychiatrie. Résultats: Parmi les 285 participants, 33% rapportent avoir été l’objet de contacts sexuels non voulus ou forcés avant l’âge de 18 ans. Ils rapportent vivre une détresse psychologique plus élevée que les participants non victimes. En testant le modèle, lequel porte sur (1) le lien entre les caractéristiques de la victime et de l’agresseur, (2) les variables qui affectent l’expérience et (3) la détresse psychologique en âge adulte, on a noté que deux facteurs de maltraitance (le nombre d’agresseurs et la durée des agressions) s’associaient directement à la détresse en âge adulte. D’autres variables (soit la relation entre la victime et l’agresseur, le recours à la force, la résistance, l’âge de la victime au moment de la première agression, la participation de la victime et la fréquence des agressions) sont reliées à la détresse psychologique; et certaines stratégies pour faire face aux difficultés (accepter une part de la responsabilité, la confrontation) et des modes d’attribution (soit l’intériorisation de la maltraitance) agissent en tant qu’agent médiateur. Conclusions: Les résultats de cette étude ont amélioré nos connaissances sur la relation entre les caractéristiques de l’agression, les facteurs médiateurs (tels que la façon de faire face aux difficultés et la façon d’attribuer la responsabilité), et la détresse psychologique en âge adulte chez des sujets victimes d’agressions sexuelles en enfance. De nouvelles recherches devront tenter d’élaborer des interventions qui ciblent les variables aptes à profiter de la psychothérapie, afin d’alléger les séquelles psychologiques des agressions sexuelles. Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio consistió en evaluar un modelo que predice la contribución de las caracterı́sticas relacionadas con el abuso y de variables mediadoras como el coping y el estilo atribucional en el desarrollo de las secuelas psicológicas en adultos que notifican una historia de abuso sexual infantil. Metodologı́a: Un total de 285 varones y mujeres pertenecientes a tres contextos diferentes (pacientes internos psiquiátricos, pacientes externos psiquiátricos y no pacientes) completaron una baterı́a de cuestionarios que incluyó (1) el Cuestionario de Historia Sexual, (2) el Cuestionario de Formas de Coping, (3) el Cuestionario de Estilo Atribucional y (4) el SCL-90-R. Resultados: De los 285 participantes, un 33% notificaron un contacto sexual no deseado o forzado antes de los 18 años. Los participantes que notificaron una historia de abuso sexual infantil también notificaron elevados niveles de malestar psicológico cuando fueron comparados con aquellos que no notificaron una historia de abuso sexual. En relación con la evaluación del modelo presentado, se observó que dos caracterı́sticas relacionadas con el abuso (número de ofensores y duración del abuso) estaban directamente asociadas con malestar psicológico en la edad adulta. Otras variables relacionadas con el abuso (relación con el agresor, uso de la fuerza fı́sica, resistencia, edad de aparición, participación y frecuencia del abuso) estaban relacionadas con el malestar psicológico en la edad adulta a través de la mediación de varias estrategias de “coping” (p.e., aceptación de la responsabilidad, “coping” de confrontación) y atribuciones (p.e., internalización del abuso). Conclusiones: Los resultados del presente estudio ayudan a avanzar en la comprensión de la relación entre las caracterı́sticas del abuso, los factores mediadores como el “coping” y el estilo atribucional, y el malestar psicológico en adultos con historia de abuso sexual infantil. La investigación futura se debe centrar en el desarrollo de intervenciones que se focalicen en las variables susceptibles de adecuación a la psicoterapia para la mejora de las secuelas psicológicas del abuso sexual infantil.

Is sexual assault: (1) sexual abuse; (2) a sexual affair; (3) a youthful indiscretion; (4) a deviance; or (5) none of the above? It is not always easy to navigate the issue of sexual violence. In a society marked by rape culture, unconscious biases can lead us to euphemize, romanticize, eroticize, excuse, and even encourage sexual violence. This article offers a linguistic perspective on sexual violence by examining the biases, stereotypes, and myths about rape that permeate legal discourse. We discuss terms that trivialize sexual violence, such as “sexual abuse,” “stealing a kiss,” “fondling,” and “misconduct.” We also analyze victim-blaming language, sexist expressions that betray a view of rape as a “loss of control,” the unseen presence of violent men, and the shifting nature and pathologizing of perpetrators. By examining rape culture specifically from the perspective of language or discourse, we provide lawyers with new tools to advance the fight against violence towards women.

Disclaimer: This summary was generated by AI based on the content of the source document.

Disclaimer: This summary was generated by AI based on the content of the source document.

Il y a maintenant près de 25 ans, était publiée la seconde édition de cet ouvrage concernant le droit de la santé et de la sécurité du travail. Bien entendu, depuis ce temps, les tribunaux, que ce soit la Commission des lésions professionnelles, le Tribunal administratif du travail ou encore les tribunaux de droit commun, soit la Cour supérieure, la Cour d'appel du Québec et, ultimement, la Cour suprême du Canada, ont rendu de multiples décisions sur les sujets abordés par notre ouvrage. Le nombre de décisions analysées se chiffrant par milliers, l'ouvrage présente une synthèse de la jurisprudence pour en dégager les principes et propose à l'occasion diverses interprétations. -- Résumé de l'éditeur

Ce volume de la Collection de droit explore les notions relatives aux contrats d'entreprise ou de service, au mandat, au droit des assurances, aux priorités et hypothèques, à la publicité des droits, ainsi qu'au droit international privé. -- Résumé de l'éditeur

Article 3136 C.c.Q. is a departure from the general rules of jurisdiction applicable to a Quebec authority. Based on the principle of necessity and in the absence of an appropriate forum, it authorizes an authority to exercise jurisdiction in relation to a matter not subject to its direct jurisdiction when it is impossible or unreasonable for the parties to access a foreign authority and when the litigation has a sufficient connection with Quebec. Article 3136 thus confers a discretionary jurisdiction on a Quebec authority. This discretion is limited by the definitional elements expressed in article 3136 and has been further narrowed by an inappropriate interpretation by the Court of Appeal in Lamborghini. The critical factor is that necessity jurisdiction implies that the litigation is subject to an effective remedy in the Quebec forum. Availability of an effective remedy renders reasonable the exercise of necessity jurisdiction and the requirement that foreign litigation be instituted, unreasonable. However, the factor of remedy is ignored, or without expression, in both doctrine and jurisprudence. Supported by a comparative approach between the civil law and the common law, the first part presents a general analysis of this exceptional rule with particular attention to the Swiss law which inspired the drafters of article 3136. In the second part, article 3136 is considered in context with the general provisions of the Code and the legislative history of the provision is clarified. The third part analyzes the definitional elements of the article and the last part examines its application as reflected in the relevant jurisprudence.